An integrated method study on spatial differentiation and environmental attribution of Shanxi’s traditional villages

This study systematically examines the spatial differentiation patterns and environmental attribution of national-level traditional villages in Shanxi Province, China. Employing an integrated methodology of spatial analysis, statistical testing, and unsupervised machine learning, the research analyzes the macroscopic distribution pattern, environmental underpinnings, and comprehensive typology. Key findings reveal: (1) a significant clustered distribution, with two high-density core areas in Southeast and Central Shanxi exhibiting a northeast-southwest orientation; (2) a statistically preference of villages for locations with medium-low altitude, moderate slope, low relief, and favorable hydrological conditions, suggesting a non-random pattern of settlement distribution; (3) the identification of three distinct village types with characteristic environmental features through clustering analysis. The study constructs a comprehensive “pattern identification-significance verification-typological classification and attribution” framework, which effectively elucidates complex human-environment interactions. The framework provides a scientific basis and a novel methodological paradigm for the typological identification and systematic protection of cultural heritage such as traditional villages.