Consistency and Adaptation of Traditional Spatial Concepts as the Foundation of Sustainable Settlement Architecture in Pengotan Village

The settlement centre typically develops in line with increasing functional complexity compared to peripheral areas. However, Pengotan Village presents a different phenomenon, as its traditional core settlement has remained unchanged, demonstrating resilience in preserving local wisdom in spatial architecture amid growing residential demands. In contrast, spatial development occurs in peripheral settlements, which uphold the core settlement's spatial principles while adapting to agricultural and commercial needs. The spatial arrangement of Pengotan Village thus reflects a balance between cultural continuity and contemporary adaptation. This study aims to formulate the concept of consistency and adaptation in Pengotan's settlement architecture as a sustainable model. A qualitative, interpretative method was applied, incorporating empirical, sensual, emic, etic, logical, and transcendental approaches. The research examined one core settlement and eight peripheral settlements, focusing on the composition and spatial hierarchy of the settlement layouts. Findings reveal that the orientation concept of Luan–Teben and the spatial hierarchy of Tegak Sanggah (sacred/utama), Tegak Umah (middle/madya), and Tegak Teba (profane/nista) remain evident in both the settlement and housing layouts. The elongated pattern of the core settlement is consistently reproduced in peripheral areas. Agricultural activities, however, shape dispersed housing patterns across farmland. Contemporary spatial adaptation occurs particularly in the nista or teben zones, where new functions, such as sanitation and additional sleeping spaces, are accommodated. Overall, Pengotan Village demonstrates how the consistency of traditional spatial concepts, combined with selective adaptation, reflects a sustainable model of settlement architecture that maintains cultural resilience while responding to modern needs.