Enhanced Mass Flow for the Improvement of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production Based on Multiple Junction Engineering and Local Bernoulli Effect

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a promising environmentally benign oxidant and renewable energy carrier, and solar-driven photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis represents a green alternative to the traditional anthraquinone process. However, the practical performance of photocatalysts is often limited by inefficient mass flow, including slow reactant transport, rapid photogenerated carrier recombination, and hindered product release. The coordinated regulation of these processes remains a significant challenge. In this work, a flower-sphere-structured ternary Au/Ni-MOF/CdS photocatalyst is rationally designed and fabricated via a sequential deposition strategy. This architecture integrates a local Bernoulli effect with multiple junction engineering to synergistically optimize mass flow during photocatalytic H₂O₂ production. The flower-sphere morphology creates micronano channel structures, and the induced local Bernoulli effect significantly enhances the mass transfer of reactants and products at the catalyst-liquid interface. Meanwhile, Schottky junctions formed at the Au/Ni-MOF interfaces and type-II heterojunctions at the CdS/Ni-MOF interfaces establish multichannel charge transfer pathways, promoting the separation and directional migration of photogenerated carriers while suppressing recombination. Benefiting from the synergy between improved mass transfer and efficient charge separation, the Au/Ni-MOF/CdS photocatalyst achieves a H₂O₂ production rate of 5564 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the catalyst maintains excellent activity under outdoor natural sunlight with a H₂O₂ production rate of 2132.88 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹. This work provides a strategy for optimizing mass flow processes in photocatalysis and offers insight into the rational design of high-performance composite photocatalysts for sustainable H₂O₂ production.