The search for sustainable postlithium batteries has intensified focus on aqueous systems employing multivalent charge carriers. Among these, manganese stands out due to its low cost, natural abundance, and a high-capacity originating from its two-electron Mn/Mn2+ redox couple. However, a critical bottleneck for aqueous Mn-ion batteries (AMnIBs) lies in identifying cathode hosts that can reversibly and efficiently accommodate Mn2+, a process often hampered by sluggish solid-state diffusion and structural instability. To address these issues, this perspective highlights key crystalline cathode families─vanadium-based compounds (layered and tunnel structures), manganese-based compounds, and other emerging candidates─and examines how tailored structural designs, such as expanded interlayers, engineered tunnels, defect introduction, and composite architectures, influence electrochemical performance. The discussion elucidates how tailored cathode design governs electrochemical performance, while also incorporating the necessary synergy with anode stabilization and electrolyte engineering. Finally, forward-looking strategies involving new crystalline phases, computation-guided discovery, and holistic cell engineering are outlined, aiming to unlock the potential of AMnIBs toward practical, high-performance applications.
Wang et al. (Sat,) studied this question.
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