A Critical Review of Economic Weakness of Tribal People and Its Effects: With Reference to Western Ghat (Kalsubai-Harishchndragad Wildlife Sanctuary)

The economic weakness of tribal people residing in the Western Ghats represents a persistent development challenge, particularly within ecologically sensitive and administratively restricted regions such as the Kalasubai–Harishchandragad Wildlife Sanctuary. Despite rich traditional knowledge and close dependence on forest-based livelihoods, tribal communities—especially women—continue to experience multidimensional economic marginalization marked by low income, seasonal employment, limited education, poor health access, and minimal participation in decision-making processes. This study critically examines the nature and consequences of economic vulnerability among tribal people in selected villages of the sanctuary area. Using a descriptive and analytical research design, primary data were collected from 135 households across nine villages through structured questionnaires and interviews. Logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the relationship between economic conditions and livelihood security, social welfare, and overall well-being. The findings reveal that a majority of households depend on low-paid, seasonal, and labor-intensive occupations, with limited access to government schemes, financial services, healthcare, and higher education. The statistical results indicate a significant negative relationship between economic weakness and livelihood security, leading to poor social and welfare outcomes. The null hypothesis was rejected at the 5% level of significance, confirming that economic instability substantially affects the well-being of tribal people. The study underscores the inadequate reach of government interventions in extremely remote tribal areas and highlights the urgent need for targeted, gender-sensitive, and context-specific policy measures. Strengthening education, healthcare access, financial inclusion, women’s empowerment, and sustainable livelihood opportunities is essential not only for improving tribal welfare but also for promoting inclusive and sustainable development in the Western Ghats.