Freely (Un)Equal

Gender equality in the economy is a key issue on the political agenda. Western countries have long pursued policies promoting free competitive markets, with the EU focusing on harmonisation for market freedom. This study examines how economic freedom impacts gender equality using an instrumental variable approach. Results reveal mixed effects: economic freedom can hinder gender equality in areas, such as work, education and power, but foster it in income and financial resources. Moreover, the same aspect of economic freedom can simultaneously advance gender equality in some domains whereas hindering it in others, highlighting the complexity of these dynamics. The results of the paper contribute to reduce inequalities within countries and to build inclusive economic systems.