Causal Growth Cosmology (CGC): A Minimal Causal-Network Framework for Cosmic Expansion and Structure Formation

We present Causal Growth Cosmology (CGC) – a minimal cosmological framework in which spacetime emerges from a growing causal network. The fundamental parameter is the replication probability ϵ, governing stochastic deviations in causal structure. The Hubble expansion is determined by the network growth rate α(a) via H(a) = α(a)/3. The model predicts deviations from ΛCDM in the expansion history, enhanced structure growth at high redshift, and increased stellar masses consistent with recent JWST observations [1, 2]. CGC provides a falsifiable alternative to dark energy with testable predictions for DESI and Euclid surveys [3, 4].