Key result
Body fat accounts for sex differences in peak cardiac output and stroke volume during exercise.
Why the study?
The effects of aging, sex, and physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercise and their contribution to VO2max decline are not fully explained by body composition differences.
How do aging, sex, and physical training affect cardiovascular responses to exercise?
How do aging, sex, and physical training affect cardiovascular responses to exercise?
The study highlights that while age and training effects on cardiovascular exercise capacity are independent of body composition, sex differences in sedentary individuals are primarily driven by body fat percentage.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Body fat adjustment may refine sex-specific exercise capacity assessment in sedentary adults; leaves open mechanisms and effects in trained or clinical cohorts.
A lower stroke volume, heart rate, and arteriovenous oxygen difference at maximal exercise all contribute to the age-related decline in VO2max. Effects of age and training on VO2max, maximal cardiac output, and stroke volume cannot be fully explained by differences in body composition. In sedentary subjects, however, the sex difference in maximal cardiac output and stroke volume can be accounted for by the greater percentage of body fat in women than in men.
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Ogawa et al. (1992) conducted a review in Cardiovascular responses to exercise. Aging, sex, and physical training was evaluated on VO2max, maximal cardiac output, and stroke volume. Aging, sex, and physical training influence cardiovascular responses to exercise, with sex differences in maximal cardiac output and stroke volume in sedentary subjects accounted for by body fat.
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