All cells have the capacity to time.

Eleanor H. Simpson; Peter D. Balsam

doi:10.1037/xan0000424

April 6, 2026Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition

All cells have the capacity to time.

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Key Points

The aim is to understand the biological processes involved in how cells perceive and respond to time-related stimuli.
Utilized nonneuronal cells in culture to analyze stimulation patterns.
Measured molecular responses to varying temporal patterns of stimulation.
Developed a model system to investigate cellular timing mechanisms.
Nonneuronal cells displayed measurable differences in responses based on stimulation timing.
Findings suggest cells have an inherent capacity to process temporal information.
Model system provides a new way to explore cell behavior concerning time.

Implication

Research demonstrates how temporal stimulation patterns affect learning and extinction in cells, implying a new model system for biological studies.

Abstract

Temporal patterns of experiences dictate the depths and rates of learning, forgetting, and extinction but the biological processes involved are fundamentally unknown. Kukushkin et al. (2024) demonstrate that nonneuronal cells in culture can provide a molecular read out of temporal differences in stimulation patterns and therefore provide a tractable model system with which to rigorously investigate how cells time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

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Cite This Study

Simpson et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69d5f17974eaea4b11a7affe https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000424

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All cells have the capacity to time.

Key Points

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

All cells have the capacity to time.

Key Points

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

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