Ethnicity and the first diagnosis of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases: Associations in a linked electronic health record cohort of 1 million patients

Figures

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  Fig 1. Differences between ethnic groups in coronary, cardiac, cerebrovascular, abdominal and peripheral arterial disease diagnoses as a proportion of total incident cardiovascular disease and deaths from other causes, in three age bands (<60, 60–74, 75+).

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  Fig 2. Association between ethnic group and initial lifetime diagnosis of coronary, cardiac, cerebrovascular, abdominal and peripheral arterial diseases and deaths from other causes, adjusted* for age and sex. Hazard ratios (HRs) of South Asian and Black patients compared to White patients; *adjustments included age, quadratic age, sex and stratification by primary care practice.

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  Fig 3. Association between ethnic group and initial lifetime diagnosis of coronary, cardiac, cerebrovascular, abdominal and peripheral arterial diseases and deaths from other causes, adjusted for age and sex*, CVD risk factors**, and medications***. Hazard ratios (HRs) of South Asian and Black patients compared to White patients; *adjustments for age and sex included age, quadratic age, sex and stratification by primary care practice; adjustments for CVD risk factors further included deprivation, smoking, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol; ***adjustment for medications further included statin use, anti-hypertensive drug use and oral contraceptives/HRT use in women only; SCD indicates sudden cardiac death, NOS, not otherwise specified.