To assess the quality of a test suite, one can use mutation testing - seeding artificial defects (mutations) into the program and checking whether the test suite finds them. Javalanche is an open source framework for mutation testing Java programs with a special focus on automation, efficiency, and effectiveness. In particular, Javalanche assesses the impact of individual mutations to effectively weed out equivalent mutants; it has been demonstrated to work on programs with up to 100,000 lines of code.
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Schüler et al. (2009) studied this question.
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