Gastric Bypass Surgery Produces a Durable Reduction in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Reduces the Long‐Term Risks of Congestive Heart Failure

Figure 1. Study flow diagram. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; RYGB, Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery.

Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier curve estimated severe CVD rates in RYGB patients (n=1724) and controls (n=1724). CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; RYGB, Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery.

Figure 3. Kaplan–Meier curve for stroke, MI, and CHF in RYGB patients (n=1724) and controls (n=1724). CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction; RYGB, Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery.

Figure 4. Change in 10‐year CVD risk (A), cholesterol (B), HDL (C), systolic BP (D), diabetes mellitus status (E), and BMI (F) from baseline to 5 years after surgery compared between RYGB patients matched with controls. P<0.0001 in each outcome for overall difference between RYGB and controls across time postsurgery (calculated using a repeated‐measure regression model). BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FRS, Framingham Risk Score; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; RYGB, Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass.