Hospitalisation and mortality in patients with comorbid COPD and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Figures

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  Fig. 1. PRISMA flowchart for the study selection process. *Papers may have reported on mortality, hospitalisation, rehospitalisation, or any combination

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  Fig. 2. Risk of bias in individual studies

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  Fig. 3. Estimates of the effect of HF comorbidity on all-cause and COPD-related hospitalisation of COPD patients. Heart failure (HF). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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  Fig. 4. Estimates of the effect of HF comorbidity on all-cause and COPD-related rehospitalisation of COPD patients. Heart failure (HF). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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  Fig. 5. Risk and odds ratio estimates of the effect of HF comorbidity on all-cause mortality of COPD patients. Heart failure (HF). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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  Fig. 6. Hazard ratio estimates of the effect of HF comorbidity on all-cause mortality of COPD patients. Heart failure (HF). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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  Fig. 7. Pooled estimate for the effect of HF comorbidity on all-cause mortality of COPD patients diagnosed with spirometry. Heart failure (HF). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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  Fig. 8. Funnel plot assessing publication bias. In the meta-analysis of studies reporting hazard ratios (HR) for the effect of heart failure (HF) comorbidity on all-cause mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (COPD), diagnosed with spirometry, with pseudo-95% confidence limits (dashed lines). Begg’s test for asymmetry (p = 0.002)

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  Fig. 9. Estimates of the effect of HF comorbidity on the inpatient all-cause mortality of COPD patients. Heart failure (HF). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)