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July 1, 1969Journal of the American Institute of Planners

A Ladder Of Citizen Participation

Sherry R. Arnstein

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Key Points

Categorize and evaluate varying degrees of citizen involvement and power redistribution in social planning and service delivery.
Presents a theoretical typology organizing citizen participation into an eight-rung ladder.
Analyzes institutional power dynamics between authorities and public participants within planning and mental healthcare settings.
Delineates three overarching tiers of participation: nonparticipation (manipulation, therapy), tokenism (informing, consultation, placation), and citizen power (partnership, delegated power, citizen control).
Demonstrates that true participation requires redistributing power rather than merely engaging in symbolic advisory processes.

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Cite This Study

Sherry R. Arnstein (1969) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69d733f30420a49c9848f4d7 https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225

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