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Hydraulic roughness coefficients have been derived from runoff plot data originally collected for erosion studies. The data were collected from different agricultural and natural surfaces by applying constant rainfall rates from rainfall simulators. The derived roughness coefficient is actually an “effective” roughness coefficient that includes: the effect of raindrop impact; the effect of channelization of flow; the effects of obstacles such as litter, crop ridges, rocks, and roughness from tillage; the frictional drag over the surface; and the erosion and transport of sediment. A ready reference of friction factors for overland flow is presented in tabular format with a description of the various surfaces and land uses. Surface conditions varied from very smooth asphalt to extremely rough, litter‐strewn agricultural and rangeland areas.
Edwin T. Engman (Sat,) studied this question.
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