Effects on perceived pain and somatosensory function after transcutaneous neuromodulation in patients with chronic low back pain: a quasi-experimental study with a crossover intervention

Transcutaneous neuromodulation using TMP applied to the lumbar spine reduces perceived pain and increases ankle dorsiflexion range of motion in patients with CNSLBP. These findings suggest that epidermal afferent modulation may contribute to pain relief and motor function enhancement, providing a novel approach for noninvasive pain management.