Carbon Footprint of Power Transformers Evaluated Through Life Cycle Analysis

The growing global demand for electricity is one of the crucial factors contributing to the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Power transformers, although essential components in electricity transmission and distribution systems, significantly impact the environment. This paper employs a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the carbon footprint of two oil-immersed transformers with a capacity of 31.5 MVA and 25 MVA, manufactured in Poland in 2023, with an assumed lifetime of 40 years. The analysis follows a cradle-to-use approach and considers various scenarios, including differences in the average operating load levels, electricity generation from different sources, and a time frame spanning 2024–2063. After 2–3 years of transformer operation, even at low loads, the CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions associated with energy losses exceed those generated during the transformer production. These results underscore the critical importance of utilizing advanced construction materials and design solutions. Moreover, this analysis highlights the need to implement systemic actions aimed at restructuring electricity generation, especially in regions that heavily dependent on fossil fuels.