Nanomaterial-doped conducting polymers for electrochemical sensors and biosensors

Nanomaterial-doped conducting polymers represent a unique class of composite materials that synergizes the advantageous features of nanomaterials and organic conductors, and they have been used in many applications such as electrochemical sensors and energy storage devices. Conducting polymers can be controllably synthesized from various monomers, and during the polymerization process, different nanomaterials offering unique physical and chemical properties can be doped into the formed conducting polymer composites. In this review, we focus on recent advances in electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on conducting polymers doped with various nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots. Approaches to fabrication of films of these materials are described and sensing applications for different targets are summarized.