The impact of tourism on CO2 emission in Turkey

This study analyzes the linkages among CO2 emissions, tourist arrivals, energy consumption, and economic growth for the period 1960–2014 in Turkey. The study employed three cointegration tests (Bayer & Hanck, Fourier ADL and ARDL) to analyze the long-term nexus among the variables. Results indicate that tourism, growth, and energy consumption effect CO2 positively both in the long and the short-term. VECM causality results indicate that tourism, economic growth, and energy consumption are the causes of CO2 emissions. Also, CO2 emissions, economic growth, and energy consumption are the causes of tourism in the long-term. This finding indicates that the tourists pay attention to the environmental quality of the country that they travel.