Behavioral, Psychological, Neurophysiological, and Neuroanatomic Determinants of Pain

➢ Unlike the biomedical model, the biopsychosocial model recognizes the important contributions of biological, psychological, and social modulators of pain. ➢ This review provides a discussion of important behavioral, psychological, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomic factors that have been studied as contributors to bone and joint pain. ➢ We highlight the importance of negative affect, catastrophizing, expectations, sleep, somatosensory function, physical activity, and coping on pain and related outcomes. ➢ These psychosocial factors should be considered as possible risk and protective factors for the development of pain, as well as treatment targets that might be modulated to minimize the burden of pain.