Deeply nanostructured tungsten with an arborescent shape was found for the first time to be formed on tungsten-coated graphite by a high-flux helium plasma irradiation at surface temperatures of 1250 and 1600 K, an incident ion energy of 12 eV (well below the physical sputtering threshold) and a helium ion fluence of 3.5 × 1027 m-2.
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Takamura et al. (2006) studied this question.
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