Soil microorganisms increase Olsen phosphorus from poorly soluble organic phosphate: A soil incubation study

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The potential shortage of mineral phosphorus (P) sources and the shift towards a circular economy motivates the introduction of new forms of P fertilizers in agriculture. However, the solubility of P in new fertilizers as well as their availability to plants may be low. In this experiment, we incubated an agricultural soil poor in P (28 mg P 2 O 5 kg −1 ) for 63 days in the presence of a range of organic and inorganic poorly soluble P forms commonly found in new fertilizers: hydroxyapatite (P‐Ca), iron phosphate (P‐Fe), phytic acid (P‐Org) and a combination of P‐Ca and P‐Org (P‐Mix). Cellulose and potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) were added to stimulate microbial activity at the beginning of the incubation. We included a positive control with triple superphosphate (TSP) and negative controls with no P application (with and without cellulose and KNO 3 ). We assessed the fate of the different poorly soluble P forms in NaHCO 3 extracts (Olsen P) over time as a proxy for plant‐available P. Soil microbial biomass, fungal to bacterial ratio, soil respiration, enzymatic activities (β‐glucosidase, arylamidase and acid and alkaline phosphatase), N mineralization and soil pH were also monitored. At the beginning of the incubation, TSP showed the highest Olsen P across all treatments and P‐Fe showed higher levels of Olsen P than the other poorly soluble P forms ( p < .05). During the incubation, the levels of Olsen P decreased over time for TSP (positive control). Contrastingly, Olsen P increased significantly over time for all the poorly soluble P forms and the negative controls, indicating an increase in plant‐available P. Particularly, levels of Olsen P for the P‐Org treatment roughly doubled (shifting from 16.5 mg kg −1 to 32.9 mg kg −1 ) over the whole incubation period. The rate of increase in Olsen P was positively correlated with microbial biomass C:P ratio ( p < .01) for all poorly soluble treatments. The higher levels of Olsen P for the P‐Org treatment were also explained by a positive correlation with fungal biomass. Our results show that poorly soluble forms of P may be made available to plants under the influence of the microbial community, with a stronger effect on organic P forms.