What question did this study set out to answer?

This research explores how ambient noise and sidetone levels influence a speaker's voice adjustments during communication.

The Lombard Sign and the Role of Hearing in Speech

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Randomized trial examines Lombard effect on intelligibility in speakers, suggesting audience influences adjustments.

This research explores how ambient noise and sidetone levels influence a speaker's voice adjustments during communication.
Analyzed the Lombard effect through observational studies on speakers' voice levels in varying noise conditions.
Examined the relationship between sidetone alterations and compensatory speech adjustments.
Investigated audience control mechanisms over speech intelligibility in a controlled sound environment.
Increased ambient noise led to significant voice level adjustments, enhancing communication effectiveness.
Changes in sidetone corresponded with compensatory modifications in speech intelligibility, indicating speaker responsiveness.
Audience presence influenced speech characteristics more than the speaker's own self-perception, suggesting external control over vocal adjustments.

Lane et al. (1971) studied this question.

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