Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Novel Insights to Pathogenesis, Current Status of Treatment, and Future Directions

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, is a potentially life-threatening complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). VOD affects both adult and pediatric populations alike, with a higher incidence in the allogeneic setting [1]. Disease onset is typically within the first 30 days after HSCT [1], although later occurrence has been reported [2]. It is characterized by clinical features such as hepatomegaly, jaundice, weight gain, and ascites [3,4].