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The study aims to explore sex differences in the behavioral and musculoskeletal effects of chronic d-galactose and the role of HO-1.

April 10, 2026BiomoleculesOpen Access

Behavior and Musculoskeletal Effects of Chronic D-Galactose Treatment in Mice: Role of Heme Oxygenase-1

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Chronic d-galactose treatment affects memory and muscle health in mice, indicating sex differences in these impacts.

The study aims to explore sex differences in the behavioral and musculoskeletal effects of chronic d-galactose and the role of HO-1.
Eight-week-old C57BL/6J male and female mice received daily d-gal injections for 12 weeks.
Post-treatment, mice were assigned to different groups for further testing, receiving treatments with d-gal, CoPP, or ZnBG.
Behavioral tests such as open-field, novel-object recognition, and Barnes maze were performed to assess memory and strength.
Micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) and histology were conducted for musculoskeletal assessments.
Female mice showed greater deficits in short- and long-term spatial memory compared to males.
Male mice exhibited only long-term spatial memory deficits under chronic d-gal treatment.
Inhibition of HO-1 provided protective effects in both sexes.
Chronic d-gal did not lead to rapid onset of osteoporosis or sarcopenia in either gender.

Wahba et al. (2026) studied this question.

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