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April 10, 2026International Journal of Behavioral DevelopmentOpen Access

The Moderating Role of Child Temperament in the Face of Parental Distress During Covid-19: Associations with Long-Term Social-Emotional Functioning

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Authors

MZMaryam Zarra-NezhadLPLaura PerastoKTKatja Tervahartiala

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Overview

Preregistered study finds child temperament predicts social-emotional functioning, indicating its importance during COVID-19.

Key Points

  • To examine how child temperament predicts social-emotional functioning and moderates effects of parental distress during COVID-19.
  • Analyzed data from 1,305 children in the FinnBrain Birth Cohort.
  • Assessed temperament at age 2.5 and social-emotional outcomes from ages 5 to 9.
  • Parents reported their distress and COVID-19 stressors at follow-ups.
  • Used linear regression and mixed-effects models for analysis.
  • Negative affectivity linked to emotional/behavioral problems and reduced prosocial behavior.
  • Effortful control mitigated parental distress impacts on conduct problems and hyperactivity.
  • Surgency associated with fewer internalizing but more externalizing problems.
  • High negative affectivity intensified emotional symptoms; low negative affectivity caused more conduct problems under stress.

Cite This Study

Zarra-Nezhad et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69d8968f6c1944d70ce08103https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254261430624
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