Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic NH3 sensor exploiting a large-prong-spacing quartz tuning fork and an optical fiber amplifier for biomedical applications

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

A sensor system for exhaled ammonia (NH₃) monitoring exploiting quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) was demonstrated. An erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with an operating frequency band targeting an NH₃ absorption line falling at 1531.68 nm and capable to emit up to 3 W of optical power was employed. A custom T-shaped grooved QTF with prong spacing of 1 mm was designed and realized to allow a proper focusing of the high-power optical beam exiting the EDFA between the prongs. The performance of the realized sensor system was optimized in terms of spectrophone parameters, laser power and modulation current, resulting in a NH₃ minimum detectable concentration of 14 ppb at 1 s averaging time, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) of 8.15 × 10⁻⁹ cm⁻¹ W/√Hz. Continuous measurements of the NH₃ level exhaled by 3 healthy volunteers was carried out to demonstrate the potentiality of the developed sensor for breath analysis applications.