Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Menopause Are Independently Associated With Lower Bone Mineral Density: Results From the Women’s Interagency HIV Study

HIV infection and menopausal stage were independent predictors of lower BMD, and had an additive effect on lumbar spine and total hip BMD. Additional research is needed to better understand underlying mechanisms by which HIV impacts BMD as women age and transition through menopause, and develop strategies to mitigate osteoporosis and fracture risk in this growing population.