Surgeons’ physical workload in open surgery versus robot-assisted surgery and nonsurgical tasks

Figures

• 

  Fig. 1. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for normalization of EMG signals in trapezius

• 

  Fig. 2. Distribution of the average duration of work tasks

• 

  Fig. 3. Comparisons of muscle activity in the upper trapezius between individual tasks and between work and nonwork activities. The bars represent the mean value of the group and the filled circles represent the individual value of the group. The red dashed line denotes the action level proposed by Arvidsson, Dahlqvist [30]. p values are denoted as * < 0.05; ** < 0.01; *** < 0.001 (Color figure online)

• 

  Fig. 4. Comparisons of group means of postures between individual tasks and between work and nonwork activities. The bars represent the mean value of the group and the filled circles represent the individual value of the group. The red dashed line denotes the action level proposed by Arvidsson, Dahlqvist [30]. p values are denoted as * < 0.05; ** < 0.01; *** < 0.001 (Color figure online)

• 

  Fig. 5. Muscle activity in the trapezius in open surgery and in the two roles in robotic surgery. The bars represent the mean value of the group and the filled circles represent the individual value of the group. The red dashed line denotes the action level proposed by Arvidsson, Dahlqvist [30]. p values are denoted as * < 0.05; ** < 0.01; *** < 0.001 (Color figure online)