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Roads have risks for severe accidents during the winter compared with other seasons; hence, this study investigates the impact of traffic, road, and environmental conditions, among other contributing factors on the probabilities of accident severity levels. We use an ordered probit model to examine three types of accidents (multivehicle, single vehicle, and pedestrian/bicycle) on national arterial roads in cold and snowy areas. The obtained results indicate that, in addition to the traffic conditions and road variables, several weather condition variables have significant effects on accident severity levels. The factors that resulted in less-severe accidents were icy and snowy surface conditions for both multi- and single-vehicle accidents. It was also suggested that temperature and visibility factors have the potential to increase the possibilities of severe and fatal multivehicle accidents.
Hyodo et al. (Fri,) studied this question.