CD14 ⁺ CD15 ⁻ HLA-DR ⁻ myeloid-derived suppressor cells impair antimicrobial responses in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure

Immunosuppressive CD14⁺HLA-DR⁻ M-MDSCs are expanded in patients with ACLF. They were depicted by suppressing T cell function, attenuated antimicrobial innate immune responses, linked to secondary infection, disease severity and prognosis. TLR-3 agonism reversed M-MDSC expansion and innate immune function and merits further evaluation as potential immunotherapeutic agent.