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The influence of operational factors on the frequency of alleles which confer resistance has been calculated with the aid of a computer. Lower insecticide dose levels, higher selection thresholds, alternating selection schedules, and observance of refugia are potential deterrents of rapid selection. The influence of these factors is enhanced in the presence of reproductive disadvantage in resistant genotypes.
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Georghiou et al. (1977) studied this question.
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