Association of dietary fiber, liquid intake and lifestyle characteristics with gastrointestinal symptoms and pregnancy outcome

Heartburn increased significantly during pregnancy and the highest prevalence (33%) was during the third trimester. A combination of low fiber and low fluid intake increased the risk of constipation during pregnancy (OR 5.9, 95% CI 2.00-17.4). Low fiber intake increased the risk of combined adverse outcome (cesarean section, premature delivery and/or small for gestational age; OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.2-9.6). Sufficient fiber and liquid intake may be protective against pregnancy-associated constipation and may be associated with improved pregnancy outcome.