International organizations, statistical agencies, and research labs use different codes to represent countries. For example, the ISO standard code for Algeria is "DZA", but Eurostat uses "DZ", the International Civil Aviation Organization uses "DA", the Correlates of War project uses "ALG", and the International Monetary Fund uses "612". When researchers merge and analyze data from several sources, incompatible country codes can be a major source of frustration.
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Arel‐Bundock et al. (2018) studied this question.