Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
To date, renal biopsy is still the gold standard to diagnose diabetes complicated with renal disease, especially when T2DM patients present atypical DKD symptoms (e.g. absence of diabetic retinopathy, shorter duration of diabetes, microscopic hematuria, sub-nephrotic range proteinuria, lower glycated hemoglobin, lower fasting blood glucose). We conclude that renal biopsy as early as possible is of great significance to enable personalized treatment to T2DM patients.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Tong et al. (2020) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: