A numerical soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication model of a reciprocating hydraulic seal has been used to simulate the performance of a U-cup seal and a step seal in a conventional actuator. The model consists of coupled steady state fluid mechanics, deformation mechanics, contact mechanics, and thermal analyses, with an iterative computational procedure. The results indicate that for a given seal roughness and stroke length there is a critical rod speed above which the seal will not leak. The critical speed is dependent on both seal roughness and sealed pressure.
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Yang et al. (2009) studied this question.
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