Richard C. Levin, Alvin K. Klevorick, Richard R. Nelson, Sidney G. Winter, Richard Gilbert, Zvi Griliches, Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1987, No. 3, Special Issue On Microeconomics (1987), pp. 783-831
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Levin et al. (1987) studied this question.