Lead-free alternatives and toxicity mitigation strategies for sustainable perovskite solar cells: a critical review

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Key Points

Assess lead-free alternatives and toxicity mitigation approaches to advance the environmental sustainability and public health safety of perovskite solar cells.
Systematic literature review evaluating non-toxic elemental substitutes for lead in perovskite crystal lattices.
Analysis of device-level engineering, chemical encapsulation, and recycling strategies aimed at preventing environmental lead leakage.
Identified less toxic cations, including tin and bismuth, as leading candidates to replace lead in light-harvesting perovskite absorbers.
Demonstrated that combining alternative material compositions with advanced barrier encapsulation significantly suppresses toxic release risks without compromising baseline operational potential.

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Critical review reveals toxicity mitigation strategies in perovskite solar cells, highlighting pathways toward sustainable photovoltaic deployment.

Advancing perovskite solar cells with a focus on environmental and health safety.

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Miah et al. (2025) studied this question.

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