Carbonic anhydrase to boost CO2 sequestration: Improving carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS)

CO₂ Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a fundamental strategy to mitigate climate change, and carbon sequestration, through absorption, can be one of the solutions to achieving this goal. In nature, carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the CO₂ hydration to bicarbonates. Targeting the development of novel biotechnological routes which can compete with traditional CO₂ absorption methods, CA utilization has presented a potential to expand as a promising catalyst for CCUS applications. Driven by this feature, the search for novel CAs as biocatalysts and the utilization of enzyme improvement techniques, such as protein engineering and immobilization methods, has resulted in suitable variants able to catalyze CO₂ absorption at relevant industrial conditions. Limitations related to enzyme recovery and recyclability are still a concern in the field, affecting cost efficiency. Under different absorption approaches, CA enhances both kinetics and CO₂ absorption yields, besides reduced energy consumption. However, efforts directed to process optimization and demonstrative plants are still limited. A recent topic with great potential for development is the CA utilization in accelerated weathering, where industrial residues could be re-purposed towards becoming carbon sequestrating agents. Furthermore, research of new solvents has identified potential candidates for integration with CA in CO₂ capture, and through techno-economic assessments, CA can be a path to increase the competitiveness of alternative CO₂ absorption systems, offering lower environmental costs. This review provides a favorable scenario combining the enzyme and CO₂ capture, with possibilities in reaching an industrial-like stage in the future.