Why the study?
Opioid-induced respiratory depression is the primary cause of opioid-related death, but individual vulnerability, neuromodulatory compensation, and redundant opioid effects have hindered a concise, integrative mechanistic understanding.
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Design
Review
Opioid use requires ongoing respiratory vigilance in at-risk patients; leaves open targeted neuronal studies to develop safer analgesics.
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) represents the primary cause of death associated with therapeutic and recreational opioid use. Within the United States, the rate of death from opioid abuse since the early 1990s has grown disproportionally, prompting the classification as a nationwide "epidemic." Since this time, we have begun to unravel many fundamental cellular and systems-level mechanisms associated with opioid-related death. However, factors such as individual vulnerability, neuromodulatory compensation, and redundancy of opioid effects across central and peripheral nervous systems have created a barrier to a concise, integrative view of OIRD. Within this review, we bring together multiple perspectives in the field of OIRD to create an overarching viewpoint of what we know, and where we view this essential topic of research going forward into the future.
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Ramirez et al. (2021) studied this question.
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