Clusters from gases as well as from metal vapors can be obtained from an expanding nozzle flow with the appropriate set of flow field conditions, characterized by a condensation scaling parameter Γ*. Cluster ion beams are characterized by a low specific charge. Accelerated cluster ion beams allow formation of energetic particle beams in the interesting range of 0.01–10 keV/atom, and the specific characteristics of cluster ion beams have led to new applications in science and technology. In this paper a status report on clusters and cluster ions from nozzle sources is given. As example the construction and results of a source for high-intensity silver cluster beams to be used for thin film formation are described.
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O. F. Hagena (1992) studied this question.
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