Unconventional magnon-mediated spin torque enabled by ferroelectric domain engineering in multiferroic BiFeO3

Spin current provides an energy-efficient approach for manipulating magnetization, when its spin polarization aligns with the magnetization direction. However, conventional spin-source materials possess high crystalline symmetry, restricting spin polarization to be orthogonal to both spin and charge current directions. Here, we overcome this limitation by utilizing the concept of magnon-mediated spin-orbit torque through integration of the insulating multiferroic BiFeO₃ with a conventional spin-source material. We observe that spin polarization generated by conventional spin-source material can excite unconventional magnon polarization due to the interplay between cycloidal antiferromagnetic order and the ferroelectric domain structure in BiFeO₃. This produces an unconventional magnon torque that allows deterministic, field‑free switching of in‑plane magnetization collinear with the current direction, unattainable with conventional spin-source materials. Our results establish multiferroic-based heterostructure as a symmetry‑engineered magnon spin source, paving the way for low-power spintronic devices.