Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Impact and Prevention - A Narrative Review

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) represent one of the most pervasive and costly occupational health challenges worldwide. Affecting muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, joints, and supporting blood vessels, these conditions arise from a complex interplay of physical, psychosocial, organizational, and individual risk factors present across diverse work environments. From factory floors and construction sites to offices and healthcare settings, WMSDs contribute substantially to pain, disability, reduced productivity, absenteeism, and diminished quality of life. This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and socioeconomic impact of WMSDs, with particular attention to high-risk occupational sectors. It further discusses prevention and management strategies, including ergonomic interventions, workplace policy measures, and emerging approaches in occupational health. By highlighting gaps in current research and practice, this review underscores the urgent need for integrated, multidisciplinary strategies to prevent WMSDs and mitigate their long-term consequences. Keywords Work-related musculoskeletal disorders; occupational health; ergonomics; chronic pain; workplace injuries; productivity loss