Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
We found that the adverse effect of neighbourhood deprivation on adolescent violent criminality and substance misuse in Sweden was not consistent with a causal inference. Instead, our findings highlight the need to control for familial confounding in multilevel studies of criminality and substance misuse.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Sariaslan et al. (2013) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: