Comparative efficacy of various exercise interventions on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Fig. 1. Selection of studies for inclusion. RCT = randomized controlled trial.

Fig. 2. Network meta-analysis of eligible comparisons for (A) global cognition, (B) executive function, and (C) memory cognition. Each node represents an intervention, and the connecting lines between 2 nodes represents 1 or more randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in which the 2 interventions have been compared directly. The size of each node is proportional to the number of randomly assigned participants, and the thickness of the lines connecting 2 nodes is weighted according to the number of RCTs that directly compared the interventions it connected.

Fig. 3. Comparative effectiveness results for global cognition (A), executive function (B), and memory function (C). Each cell shows an SMD with a 95%CI. For any cell, a negative SMD favors the upper-left intervention; a positive SMD favors the lower-right intervention. Significant results are in bold text. 95%CI = 95% confidence interval; AE = aerobic exercise; MBE = mind−body exercise; ME = multicomponent exercise; RE = resistance exercise; SMD = standardized mean difference.

Fig. 4. Cumulative ranking probability plots for (A) global cognition and (B) executive function. The horizontal axis represents the possible rank of each treatment (from best to worst according to the outcome). The vertical axis represents the cumulative probability for each treatment to be the best option, the best of 2 options, the best of 3 options, and so on.