The impact of unions on productivity is explored using meta‐analysis and meta‐regression analysis. It is shown that most of the variation in published results is due to specification differences between studies. After controlling for differences between studies, a negative association between unions and productivity is established for the United Kingdom, whereas a positive association is established for the United States in general and for U.S. manufacturing.
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Doucouliagos et al. (2003) studied this question.
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