Functionalized Cellulose for the Controlled Synthesis of Novel Carbon–Ti Nanocomposites: Physicochemical and Photocatalytic Properties

Carbon-Ti nanocomposites were prepared by a controlled two-step method using microcrystalline cellulose as a raw material. The synthesis procedure involves the solubilization of cellulose by an acid treatment (H₃PO₄ or HNO₃) and the impregnation with the Ti precursor followed of a carbonization step at 500 or 800 °C. The type of acid treatment leads to a different functionalization of cellulose with phosphorus- or oxygen-containing surface groups, which are able to control the load, dispersion and crystalline phase of Ti during the composite preparation. Thus, phosphorus functionalities lead to amorphous carbon-Ti composites at 500 °C, while TiP₂O₇ crystals are formed when prepared at 800 °C. On the contrary, oxygenated groups induce the formation of TiO₂ rutile at an unusually low temperature (500 °C), while an increase of carbonization temperature promotes a progressive crystal growth. The removal of Orange G (OG) azo dye in aqueous solution, as target pollutant, was used to determine the adsorptive and photocatalytic efficiencies, with all composites being more active than the benchmark TiO₂ material (Degussa P25). Carbon-Ti nanocomposites with a developed micro-mesoporosity, reduced band gap and TiO₂ rutile phase were the most active in the photodegradation of OG under ultraviolet irradiation.