Cardiovascular disease, associated risk factors, and risk of dementia: An umbrella review of meta-analyses

Figures

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  Figure 1. Study selection flowchart.

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  Figure 2. Effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals of meta-analyses reporting an association between CHD and dementia, with the vertical line representing no effect. AD, Alzheimer's disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; VaD, vascular dementia.

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  Figure 3. Effect estimates of meta-analyses reporting an association between heart failure and dementia, with the vertical line representing no effect. To note, Xu et al. treated ORs as approximates to RRs, as such, violations of this assumption may have implications for the comparability of ORs and RRs, meaning that interpretation of these pooled estimates should be done cautiously. AD, Alzheimer's disease; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio.

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  Figure 4. Effect estimates of meta-analyses reporting an association between atrial fibrillation and dementia, with the vertical line representing no effect. To note, Xu et al. treated ORs as approximates to RRs, as such, violations of this assumption may have implications for the comparability of ORs and RRs, meaning that interpretation of these pooled estimates should be done cautiously. AD, Alzheimer's disease; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio.

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  Figure 5. Effect estimates of meta-analyses reporting an association between hypertension (various definitions) and dementia. The vertical line represents no effect, with distinct colours conveying age stratification. To note, Xu et al. treated ORs as approximates to RRs, as such, violations of this assumption may have implications for the comparability of ORs and RRs, meaning that interpretation of these pooled estimates should be done cautiously. AD, Alzheimer's disease; HR, hazard ratio; NR, not reported; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; VaD, vascular dementia.

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  Figure 6. Effect estimates of meta-analyses reporting an association between TC and dementia. The vertical line represents no effect, with different colours conveying age stratification. To note, Xu et al. treated ORs as approximates to RRs, as such, violations of this assumption may have implications for the comparability of ORs and RRs, meaning that interpretation of these pooled estimates should be done cautiously. Moreover, SMDs have been converted to approximate ORs using OR=exp(π3×SMD). AD, Alzheimer's disease; NR, not reported; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; SMD, standard mean difference; VaD, vascular dementia.

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  Figure 7. Effect estimates of meta-analyses reporting an association between hypercholesterolaemia and dementia, with the vertical line representing no effect. AD, Alzheimer's disease; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio.

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  Figure 8. Effect estimates of meta-analyses reporting an association between LDL-C and AD. The vertical line represents no effect, with different colours conveying age stratification. Note, SMDs have been converted to approximate ORs using OR=exp(π3×SMD). AD, Alzheimer's disease; OR, odds ratio; SMD, standard mean difference.

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  Figure 9. Effect estimates of meta-analyses reporting an association between HDL-C and dementia. The vertical line represents no effect, with different colours conveying age stratification. To note, Xu et al. treated ORs as approximates to RRs, as such, violations of this assumption may have implications for the comparability of ORs and RRs, meaning that interpretation of these pooled estimates should be done cautiously. Moreover, SMDs have been converted to approximate ORs using OR=exp(π3×SMD). AD, Alzheimer's disease; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; SMD, standard mean difference; VaD, vascular dementia.

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  Figure 10. Effect estimates of meta-analyses reporting an association between TG and dementia. The vertical line represents no effect, with different colours conveying age. Note, SMDs have been converted to approximate ORs using OR=exp(π3×SMD). AD, Alzheimer's disease; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; SMD, standard mean difference; VaD, vascular dementia.