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The decreasing effectiveness of antibiotics in treating common infections results from the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and is building up to become an epic global public health crisis. Extended periods of antibiotic overuse and misuse since their introduction have applied strong selective pressure towards high-level AMR and Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR), rendering entire classes of antibiotics ineffective. The primary driving force for this global AMR pandemic is the widespread misuse and overuse of antibiotics, in both medical and nonmedical applications. Antibiotics have been misused in all of their applications, including
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Nelson Kardos (2017) studied this question.
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