NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) and its functional nanomaterials – a versatile platform in the photocatalytic arena

Titanium (Ti)-based MOFs are promising materials known for their porosity, stability, diverse valence states, and a lower conduction band (CB) than Zr-MOFs. These features support stable ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) transitions under photoirradiation, enhancing photocatalytic performance. However, Ti-MOF structures remain a challenge owing to the highly volatile and hydrophilic nature of ionic Ti precursors. The discovery of MIL-125 marked a breakthrough in Ti-cluster coordination chemistry. Combining it with NH₂ chromophores to form NH₂-MIL-125 enhanced its structural design and extended its activity into the visible light region. This review delves into the high-performance photocatalytic properties of NH₂-MIL-125, focusing on its applications in H₂O₂ and H₂ production, CO₂ and N₂ reduction, drug and dye degradation, photocatalytic sensors, and organic transformation reactions. The discussion considers the influence of the Ti precursor, coordination environment, synthesis process, and charge transfer mechanisms. Numerous strategic methods have been discussed to improve the performance of NH₂-MIL-125 by incorporating linker modification, metal node modification, encapsulation of active species, and post-modification for enhancing light absorption ability, promoting charge separation, and improving photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, future perspectives include methods to investigate how the efficiency of NH₂-MIL-125-based materials can be planned in promoting research by highlighting their versatility and potential impacts in the area of photocatalysis.